Stogursey: Economic history

ECONOMIC HISTORY.

Agriculture. The eight Domesday estates that are thought to have lain partly or wholly within the parish (fn. 1) contained 30½12 ploughlands assessed at 16 hides. The various demesnes had 11 ploughteams, with 20 servi, on land assessed at nearly 10 hides, and 56 villani, 18 bordars, and 3 coliberts had 17 teams on the remaining land. The meadow recorded was 279 a., pasture 81 a., and woodland 140 a.; the livestock recorded was 5 riding horses, 47 beasts, 34 swine, 404 sheep, and 14 goats. The principal manor of Stoke accounted for roughly half of these totals, with 15 ploughlands assessed at 5 hides, of which the demesne had 2 hides with 4 teams and 5 servi and the tenants (38 villani, 4 bordars, and 3 coliberts) had 11 teams; there were 150 a. of meadow, 19 a. of pasture, and 100 a. of woodland, 3 riding horses, 29 beasts, 10 swine, and 250 sheep. Woolstone manor with only ½ ploughland included half of all the recorded pasture and 17 a. of meadow; there were also large amounts of meadow at Idson (40 a.) and at what became Shurton (61 a.). The aggregate value of all the estates had fallen from £37 11s. to £33 16s., of Stoke manor from £25 to £20; two of the estates had risen in value. (fn. 2)

In the later 13th century sales of grain accounted for the largest part of the income of Stogursey manor, and sales of cheese, fish, pigeons, fleeces, livestock, and pasture for more than rents. In 1277 there was a demesne flock of 302 ewes, herds of 59 cattle with 24 calves and 63 pigs with 24 piglets, and 4 mares. Six ploughmen, a shepherd, a herdsman, and a dairymaid were employed on the demesne farm. (fn. 3)

By 1297 the dovecot was let to farm, works were being sold, and the number of servants had increased, to include a parker at Wick and 3 carters. Sheep were not recorded. Game was kept in the park and hay was supplied as feed in winter. Income from rents was about the same as in 1277, but grain sales had fallen although they still provided the largest item of income. It may have been a bad year for crops, for although there were 370 quarters of grain in the grange, mainly wheat and oats but also barley, peas, beans, and dredge, some seed was purchased. Nearly 26 quarters of maslin and barley came from the mill together with 3½ bu. of flour which was used by the household. Poultry, geese, and capons were sold. Less seed was used than twenty years earlier, probably because of its higher price, and the major crops were wheat sown on 195 a. and oats on 180 a.; there were 34 a. of peas and beans, 18 a. of dredge, 14 a. of barley, and 6 a. of vetches. Nearly 9,000 mowing, reaping, ploughing, and carrying works were performed but extra labour was needed for threshing, hoeing, mowing, and reaping. Rents in iron for land on the Quantocks were used in repairing ploughs, mill gear, and other equipment. The granges at Wick and Wyndeats and a cattle house at Wyndeats also needed repair that year. (fn. 4) By 1301-2 more works were being sold and more money was spent on seed. Wheat was sown on 205 a., oats on 180 a., with smaller acreages of barley, beans and peas, and vetches. (fn. 5) In 1301 on Wick manor over 5,000 day works were recorded, worth about the same as manor rents. (fn. 6)

On the smaller estates, which are much less well documented, there was a wide variety of stock and cropping. Tenants at Steart in the 13th century owed rents in geese, garlic, and cheese, (fn. 7) and geese were kept at Stolford. (fn. 8) The owner of a farm at Cock in 1331 had 40 a. of standing wheat and quantities of wheat, barley, oats, and beans in stock from a farm equipped with two carts and two ploughs. (fn. 9) Wheat and beans were the main contents of the priory barn in 1324, some of it collected as tithes. The priory farm was equipped with two ploughs and three carts, and livestock included 12 oxen, 58 pigs, a bull, and two boars. (fn. 10) In 1332 the prior of Stogursey complained that Robert FitzPayn had illegally impounded a horse, a colt, 18 oxen, 200 sheep and lambs, a boar and 30 pigs. (fn. 11)

The demesne at Wick was let at farm in the mid 15th century (fn. 12) and that at Newnham by 1540. (fn. 13) Tithes were payable to the vicar in the 1450s on a wide variety of stock and produce including squabs and rabbits, leeks and onions, fisheries, linen, flax, and hemp. By far the largest in value were milk and cheese, amounting to nearly 40 per cent of the income, followed by wool and lambs. (fn. 14)

Harvest works were demanded on the former priory estate by Eton College in the mid 15th century, and part of the rent was in kind. (fn. 15) Ploughing and carrying works at Wick were sold in 1421-2 and 1500-1, (fn. 16) and in 1578 tenants there paid work silver. (fn. 17) Tenants at Stolford and neighbouring Whitewick owed works and 'givose', probably goose, silver in 1614. Wick manor, the largest estate in the parish, comprised 1,309 a. in 1614, of which 601 a. were arable, 510 a. were pasture, and 198 a. were meadow. Most farms were under 35 a., but Wick farm was over 160 a. and let to tenants in half shares. (fn. 18)

By the 16th century there were common arable fields at Fairfield, (fn. 19) Newnham, (fn. 20) Stogursey, (fn. 21) Wick, (fn. 22) and in the north-west of the parish where the people of Burton, Culver Street, Knighton, and Shurton cultivated in an in- and out-field system. (fn. 23) Wick fields were known in 1614 as Howndsboroughe, Seaberton or Skevington, Stolford, and Idmeston or Yedmyster fields. (fn. 24) Between Shurton and Stogursey village Lowelstone field, mentioned in the 14th century, and Shurton fields in 1541 (fn. 25) later became Lawson and Shurton burgages, like Stogursey's Town or West burgage (fn. 26) all within Stogursey borough. (fn. 27) By the later 16th century tenants of Wick manor, the largest holding, had access to over 250 a. of land on the coast at Wall, Sharpham, Salt, and Goose commons, Little Common in Redham moor, and an enclosed area called Stolford Ham. They also had the after-shear grazing of South moor and access to nearly 900 a. in Over Stowey. (fn. 28) Other commoners could graze cattle on Wick and North moors, Redham moor, and Horseham. (fn. 29)

Inventories of the 17th century suggest a growing prosperity although the farmer who owned 102 sheep and lambs, 31 cows, calves and other young cattle, 6 plough steers, 6 pigs, and a horse was exceptional. (fn. 30) Dairying was still predominant, and clover had been introduced by 1689, (fn. 31) but mixed arable farming was widely practised (fn. 32) and a hopyard had been established on the Fairfield estate by 1720. (fn. 33) Surplus dung was sold by one dairy farmer in the early 18th century (fn. 34) and a yeoman dying in 1731 left 100 cheeses in a cheese chamber, a dairy with two cheese wrings, and cows and calves valued at £60. (fn. 35) More land was laid to pasture later in the century, 'nothing at this time paying as well as a dairy farm', (fn. 36) and rectorial income was affected by the increase in livestock at the expense of corn. Some land was said to have been impoverished by constant ploughing and want of manure. (fn. 37) The Eton College estate remained largely arable, cultivated in a regular rotation of wheat, oats, beans, barley, or clover for two years, with the third year fallow. (fn. 38) Peadon farm, on higher ground in the south, was mainly grass in the later 18th century, with only one field in wheat and two ploughed for barley in any one year. (fn. 39)

Cropping was said in 1831 to have been possible in only three years out of five on the coastal lands, and the poor clay there could successfully grow only vetches. (fn. 40) In 1840 of the titheable land 2,677 a. were arable, 1,221 a. were meadow, and 1,198 a. were pasture. Most of the farms were under 50 a. and none over 250 a. Thirty were 10-25 a., 23 were 25-50 a., 17 were 50-100 a., and 10 were 100-150 a. The five largest were part of the Fairfield estates and had in most cases absorbed smaller holdings. Bullen farm was 157 a., Peadon 210 a., Water 213 a., Cock 214 a., and Chalcott 230 a. (fn. 41) By 1851 the number of farms over 150 a. had doubled, with Cock farm (240 a.) the largest. A total of 122 people were employed on c. 30 farms. (fn. 42) By 1861 the number of farms over 100 a. had increased to 23 and 130 labourers were employed on farms in the parish. (fn. 43) In 1863 farms on the Fairfield estates were said to be mixed arable and pasture with the meadows used for rearing horses and fattening cattle and sheep. (fn. 44) The Acland family at Fairfield were the largest landowners by the 1830s and by 1867 owned c. 2,660 a., nearly half the parish. Farms had been enlarged by amalgamation and exchange, and in 1867 most were over 100 a. and produced a rental of £1,775. (fn. 45) By 1881 the two upland farms at Peadon and Durborough measured over 200 a., Bullen and Farringdon farms had incresed to over 350 a., presumably by absorbing neighbouring holdings, and a number of farmers described themselves as out of business. (fn. 46) In 1880 a report on Wick farm stated that the pasture was tart and caused purging in cattle, and that it was too wet for sheep. (fn. 47)

The depressed state of agriculture in 1882 was said to be due in part to the continuing division of open fields, moors, and commons into landshires or raps subject to common rights, and also to heavy, badly drained soil. The arable fields were farmed on a three-year rotation of wheat, lentcorn or a pulse, and fallow when the fields lay open the whole year. The moors were mown and then pastured, some known as hopping meadows which were enjoyed by two owners alternately, and the permanent common pasture was stinted. Some land near the cliffs formerly arable was being left uncultivated in spite of high tithe charges. The sheep were said to be in poor condition but the multiplicity of owners prevented improvements in drainage. (fn. 48)

At Knighton in the 1890s turnips and swedes were grown for seed and to feed a flock of nearly 400 sheep, and beans, oats, vetches, and sainfoin were sown. Milk, butter, eggs, and poultry were sold locally and some butter was sent to London. The fields were dressed with lime, dissolved bone, nitrate of soda, and superphosphate. (fn. 49) By 1905 permanent grassland had increased to 3,307 a. with arable accounting for only 1,814 a. (fn. 50) By this time fewer arable strips survived, but the last baulks were not ploughed out until the 1930s. (fn. 51) Mushrooms were grown commercially at Shurton in 1939. (fn. 52) By 1982 there had probably been a slight increase in arable. Farms remained small, only 11 out of 31 recorded were more than 50 ha. (c. 123 a.) and over half were farmed part-time, 6 were mainly dairy farms, with 4 concentrating on stock-rearing, and others on pigs, poultry, or horticulture. About 60 per cent of the arable land recorded was under wheat, with barley accounting for c. 20 per cent. Other crops were rape, oats, potatoes, maize, and vegetables. There were 218, 112 poultry, mainly broilers, 3,021 sheep, 2,254 cattle, and 1,604 pigs on the recorded holdings. (fn. 53)

Tenants had common rights both within and outside the parish. The former Quantock forest land in Over Stowey provided grazing and timber in the 16th and earlier 17th centuries. (fn. 54) Tenants of Durborough manor had common in Dodington parish, (fn. 55) and in a common in Durborough hamlet, later called the Green, which had been inclosed by 1840. (fn. 56) There was extensive grazing for sheep on the coast, and after the dismemberment of Wick manor common rights became detached from the holdings to which they had belonged, (fn. 57) although tenants of Fairfield manor retained common rights until the 19th century or later. (fn. 58) Some of the commons were available only after haymaking, while in others tenants had the right to all the grass. (fn. 59) The rights, named but not defined, of foreshear, vesture, and stockage remain: commoners have registered rights on Redham for 46 bullocks and 94 sheep and on Ham for 46 cattle and 94 sheep, c. 50 rights on Wick moor, each for 6 bullocks or 4 bullocks and a horse, and 44 rights on North Ham, Goose marsh, Catsford and Wall commons each for 20 sheep. On Sharpham there were 42 horse rights which have been sold. All the rights are controlled by a hayward appointed by the commoners. (fn. 60)

Mills. There were two mills in 1086, one on Stogursey manor, one on Wyndeats manor. (fn. 61) The first was possibly Wick mill, recorded in 1301 (fn. 62) and possibly in 1277, (fn. 63) which was the customary mill for all tenants in 1614. (fn. 64) By the 18th century, after the dismemberment of Wick manor, the mill was owned by Cook's charity for Spaxton parish. (fn. 65) The mill was probably in use until soon after 1881. (fn. 66) Driven by Stogursey brook with an overshot wheel, it had been partially demolished by 1985. (fn. 67)

The Wyndeats mill was later known as Castle (fn. 68) or Town mill. It paid 6d. in 1086, (fn. 69) in 1301 it was worth 53s. 4d., (fn. 70) and in 1474 it was farmed for 60s. (fn. 71) In 1614 the manor tenants were not certain whether the mill was a customary one. (fn. 72) On the sale of the manor in 1681 the mill was conveyed to Alexander Marshall of Nether Stowey, possibly in trust for the tenant, Agnes Farthing. (fn. 73) By his will dated 1748 John Acreman left the mill to his mother Grace for life and then to John Farthing of Bristol. John Farthing was dead by 1784 when his daughters sold the mill to James Knight, miller. By 1789 the mill had been acquired by William Elson who, by his will of 1809, left it to his nephew William Elson. William sold the mill in 1822 to Thomas and William Powell of Bristol who in 1836 sold it to the trustees of the will of Sir John Acland. (fn. 74) The mill remained in use until 1948 but by 1952 was no longer working. (fn. 75) It was bought c. 1982 by the Landmark Trust. The building probably dates from the early 18th century. The frame of the overshot wheel and much machinery survive.

Monk or Monkton mill, probably the new mill recorded in the mid 12th century, (fn. 76) was later said to have been given to Stogursey priory church by the lord of Shurton manor in return for masses. (fn. 77) The machinery was extensively repaired in 1446 (fn. 78) and stones were bought in 1488 and 1538. (fn. 79) The mill remained in use until 1861 (fn. 80) but by 1871 the mill house was occupied by a labourer. (fn. 81) The mill house was still let in 1888 (fn. 82) but the mill had been demolished by 1886. (fn. 83) The mill lay on the Stogursey brook south of Shurton mill. Fragments of walling survived in 1985.

Shurton mill existed in the early 13th century. (fn. 84) Ownership descended with the manor and was shared between the two halves when the manor was divided. (fn. 85) Before 1434 it was apparently let with a large estate to Sir John Coleshill. (fn. 86) The mill was described as two mills in 1653. (fn. 87) It was owned by John Simonds in 1714 and 1722 (fn. 88) and in 1755 by William Poole (d. 1768) of Shurton Court. (fn. 89) After the death of Poole's son William in 1789 (fn. 90) the mill appears to have been sold to Charles Knight. (fn. 91) Joan Knight, probably his widow, married George Bishop, miller, in 1807 and was the owner of Shurton mill in 1819. (fn. 92) By 1840 the mill had been conveyed to Mary Westcombe (fn. 93) and she employed her three sons and another man in the mill in 1851. (fn. 94) The mill continued to be worked by the Westcombe family in 1931 but milling had ceased by 1939. (fn. 95) The two-storeyed mill, south-west of Newnham Farm, was later converted into a private house and the attached mill house, a 17th-century house enlarged in the 18th century and extensively altered in the 19th and 20th centuries, was in 1985 empty and overgrown.

Durborough mill existed by the mid 13th century when Thomas Trivet bought a share from William of Beere who had inherited it from his father Adam. Philip de Columbers bought another share from Christine, widow of Simon of Durborough, and probably sold it to Trivet. (fn. 96) Ownership descended with Durborough manor. (fn. 97) By the early 18th century one third was held with Durborough Verney and two thirds with Durborough Dodington, (fn. 98) the profits including the sediment from the mill pond. (fn. 99) Milling appears to have ceased between 1866 and 1871. (fn. 100) The mill stood on the Stogursey brook south of Durborough, but nothing remains of the buildings.

Fairfield mill was recorded in 1471 at Shutternford (fn. 101) and in 1658. (fn. 102) In 1682 it was said to have been destroyed many years before (fn. 103) but it continued to be recorded until 1777. (fn. 104) It was probably near Water Farm.

There was a fulling mill on Fairfield manor which was out of repair in 1401. A fulling mill on Durborough Verney manor was recorded in 1467 (fn. 105) but it was said to be in total decay in 1508 and was last recorded in 1513. (fn. 106)

There was a windmill mound at Chalcott in 1448. (fn. 107) Theat windmill, standing further east near Wall Common and named after a nearby watercourse, (fn. 108) was bought by Nicholas Halswell from John Lyte in 1561 and was held of the lord of Stogursey estate in 1614. (fn. 109) It had passed to Margaret Dodington by 1625 (fn. 110) and was sold in 1736 by John Eyre to Jonathan Bacon. (fn. 111)

A 'watermill called the horse mill' was within Stogursey borough between 1500 and 1523. (fn. 112)

Market and fairs. A market was held on Saturdays in 1301. (fn. 113) In 1559 the market was said to have decayed, and profits from the market and fairs in 1686 totalled only 10s. (fn. 114) The market was recorded in the early 18th century (fn. 115) but probably ceased soon afterwards. In 1800 an attempt was made to provide a provision market for the poor on Mondays. (fn. 116)

A fair was held on the feast of St. Andrew (30 Nov.) in 1301 (fn. 117) but by the 16th century fairs were held on 3 May and 14 September. In 1559 those fairs were said to have decayed, (fn. 118) but both fairs, still held early in May and in mid September, continued into the mid 19th century. (fn. 119) Neither was recorded again.

Woodland. Both Eton College and the earls of Northumberland exploited the timber on their estates. In 1565 sales of wood on Wick manor produced £53 16s. (fn. 120) The woods of Wick and Stogursey manors were let for 21 years from 1572, the tenant to take two cuttings and to sell the timber to manorial tenants for 20s. an acre, but leaving at least half of the 7-year old trees at the end of the term. (fn. 121) Wick Park then had over 100 a. of trees mainly 20 years old, though 10 a. had been felled in the previous two years. (fn. 122) Tenants took underwood there, and sales of timber produced £8 in 1577-8. (fn. 123) Timber in Monk wood was sold by Eton College in 1532, the purchaser undertaking to remove all timber in the wood and oak standards in the hedges within five years. (fn. 124) Monkton manor in 1607 had c. 780 hedgerow trees, mainly oak and elm, (fn. 125) and in 1670 Monk wood contained 20 a. of which 4 a. were for the use of tenants of the manor who were each entitled to a share of the woodland. (fn. 126) In 1764 the Merchant Venturers of Bristol as farmers of the manor received over £15 from sales of coppice wood (fn. 127) and in 1773 the undertenant of Monk wood felled 1 a. a year. The oak timber was valued highly but the brushwood was taken by the poor. (fn. 128) By 1792 the 20-a. wood had been cleared and was let with Priory farm, whose tenant was allowed to plough after clearing the underwood. (fn. 129) The land was evidently replanted shortly afterwards, and by 1831 there was said to be a lot of oak in the wood, but the soil would not produce large timber. (fn. 130) A valuation of the manor in 1859 recorded that the woodland was in a bad state on account of cattle eating the young saplings. (fn. 131) Sales of timber from Peadon farm raised over £730 in 1808. (fn. 132)

Fisheries. The Stert flats, fished by means of weirs with basketwork butts or putchers, and by nets stretched over frames and known as 'hangs' or 'netstalls', seem to have been divided into three 'rows' or 'renes' by the mid 16th century. (fn. 133) Stogursey priory owned fishing rights at Stolford by 1431 and c. 1455 the vicar received an average of over 10s. a year from the tithe of all fisheries. (fn. 134) A succession of fishermen at Stolford between 1551 and 1720 had a cottage, 12 'netstalls', and 9 weirs. (fn. 135) Wick, Newnham, and Stogursey Dodington manors each had a share in the fisheries in the 17th century. (fn. 136) The three fisheries, each over 1,000 a. in extent, were defined by sight lines in the later 18th century and were known as Stolford, William Rawlins's or Glover's, and John Merchant's. By the later 17th century Stogursey Dodington manor was letting 12 butts and fishing rights at Stolford. (fn. 137) In 1841 there were eight fishermen at Stolford and one at Steart, (fn. 138) but the number at Stolford fell. (fn. 139) By 1985 only one fisherman was in business in the parish, using a wooden 'mud horse' to reach his nets and the principal catch was shrimp; bass, cod, eel, and mullet were also caught. (fn. 140) A fish farm specializing in eels, using warm water from Hinkley Point power station, was established in 1977; 20 tons of eels were produced in 1985. (fn. 141)

Seaweed (or ore) was collected and burnt by licence from the later 15th century. (fn. 142) It was said in the later 18th century to be gathered in great quantities, (fn. 143) and was still being exploited in 1819. (fn. 144)

Other trade and industry. From the beginning of the 16th century men of Stogursey were involved in overseas trade through Bridgwater in a wide variety of goods (fn. 145) and both Steart and Stolford provided landing places. A merchant of Minehead shipped beans from Steart in 1543 (fn. 146) and Stolford was used to import stone in 1446 (fn. 147) and pigs in the later 17th century. (fn. 148) Coal was brought to the quay at Shurton Bars in the later 18th century both to fuel limekilns and for domestic use, (fn. 149) and by the mid 19th century two coal merchants were in business at Stolford. (fn. 150) Throughout the 19th century parishioners invested in local shipping, one farmer having three sloops between 1797 and 1803. (fn. 151)

The clothing industry was established in the 15th century. A vestment maker was in business in 1456 (fn. 152) and a weaver and a mercer were pardoned for a trespass in 1465. (fn. 153) A dyer was a tenant at Durborough in 1473 (fn. 154) where there was a fulling mill. (fn. 155) By 1495 a dyehouse had been built near Stogursey castle and continued in use into the 1520s in association with racks built c. 1518. (fn. 156) A Stogursey clothier was recorded in 1631 (fn. 157) and others worked in the parish in the 17th century. (fn. 158) Looms, yarn, and unfinished cloth were mentioned in many inventories. (fn. 159) Evidently the principal product was serge (fn. 160) but worsted wool in many colours was stolen in 1681, (fn. 161) and there is said to have been a silk mill near the castle. (fn. 162) Chapmen and mercers were working in the parish in the 17th century. (fn. 163)

Tanning and gloving had been established by the mid 15th century. (fn. 164) William Burland (d. 1549) left to his son, also William, his tanning vats, (fn. 165) and several generations of the Rawlins family bore the alias Glover. (fn. 166) Thomas Symons (d. c. 1691) of Shurton had a tanhouse with dressed leather, calfskins, leather, hides, and white hides worth nearly £84 and a bark mill, trough, and bark valued at £9. (fn. 167) A tanhouse had been built near St. Andrew's well in Stogursey village by 1689 and a tanyard had been established by the 1760s. (fn. 168) A tanyard near the Castle mill operated for much of the 19th century (fn. 169) and there was a leather house at Shurton in 1853. (fn. 170)

There was a potter in the parish in the later 14th century (fn. 171) and several potters were working at Durborough in the 1440s. (fn. 172)

Maltsters are mentioned from the mid 18th century, and later in the century there were malthouses in Back Street in Stogursey village and at Water House, now Little Water Farm. (fn. 173) In 1840 there were at least three maltings in Stogursey village and breweries attached to at least two inns. (fn. 174) A brewery in High Street had closed by 1867. (fn. 175)

There was a family of instrument makers in the parish in the 17th century (fn. 176) and a buttonmaker in the 18th. (fn. 177) There were tallow chandlers at Shurton in the 18th century (fn. 178) and tallow chandlers and soap boilers in Stogursey village, (fn. 179) probably occupying the soap factory later used as a Congregational chapel. (fn. 180) There were two watchmakers in the parish in the 1860s, (fn. 181) and other 19th-century craftsmen included a biscuit maker, a cutler, (fn. 182) and a carriage builder. (fn. 183) In the later 20th century, besides the nuclear power station at Hinkley Point, industries included picture framing and welding in the village.

Medieval retail trade presumably centred on Stogursey market. A shambles and a wine cellar were recorded in 1475. (fn. 184) At least three men issued trade tokens in the 17th century. (fn. 185) An inventory of 1681 recorded the varied stock of a general shop which sold foodstuffs, clothing, stationery, earthenware, tobacco, and dyestuffs. (fn. 186) In 1819 seven people were rated on their shops (fn. 187) and in 1851 there were two drapers and grocers in Fore Street and shopkeepers in Fore Street and Back Street, and at Stolford. (fn. 188) By 1861 there were a grocer and spirit merchant at Shurton and a grocer and shopkeeper at Burton, (fn. 189) and in 1871 there were also two shops at Stolford. (fn. 190) In 1881 Stogursey village included the shops of a grocer, a china dealer, a saddler, a butcher, a baker, and a chandler. (fn. 191) Shops survived at Burton and Shurton until the 1930s (fn. 192) and there was a variety of small shops in High Street and Lime Street in Stogursey village in 1985.

During the 1930s the parish became popular with holidaymakers, and by 1939 many farms and guesthouses were offering accommodation. (fn. 193) Proposals for holiday camps in 1947 were rejected (fn. 194) but there were several camping sites in operation in 1985.